gaussian noise movies  (Stryker)

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Performance of a target-in-noise visual detection task is suboptimal during locomotion. A, Trial structure of the task. Each trial begins with a variable-duration foreperiod consisting of a sequence of Gaussian noise movies, during which the mouse must withhold licking. Mice must lick during the target period, in which a drifting square-wave grating is embedded in one of the noise movies with different blend ratios, modulating task difficulty. Note that for display purposes, the aspect ratio of the visual stimulus screen in the figure is different from that of the actual LCD monitor. B, Overall performance rates (false alarm rates and hit rates) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. C, Overall perceptual sensitivities (d′) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. D, Muscimol block of V1 activity impairs detection task performance (n = 6 animals). Pre, Baseline performance before injections; sal, saline injection; musc, muscimol injection; rec, recovery from muscimol injections. After muscimol injection, but not saline injection, detection performance decreased to chance levels (d′ = 0), or slightly below chance levels. All but one animal returned to baseline performance following recovery from muscimol. p-values are from Kruskal–Wallis test. After Bonferroni's correction, significant p-values at the 0.05 level must be lower than 0.008. E, Performance rate, perceptual sensitivity (d′), and decision bias (c) as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. F, Within-animal comparisons of d′ for stillness versus locomotion during high arousal (i.e., pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value is from rank-sum test. G, Within-animal comparisons of the largest d′ prime recorded during stillness versus locomotion. Data points are colored according to the pupil diameter bin in which they were recorded. p-value is from rank-sum test. H, Histograms (counts = number of animals) of the pupil diameter bin in which the largest d′ was recorded for each animal during stillness (top) and during stillness and locomotion combined (bottom). For pupil diameter bins in E and H, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin. For E and H, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins (N = 12 animals, n = 81 sessions; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To construct Gaussian noise movies, individual movie frames were generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of a 2D Fourier spectrum with a 1/( f + f c ) decay in power, where f c = 0.05 cycles per degree (cpd), and a low-pass cutoff at 0.12 cpd ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ).

Techniques: Sequencing, Blocking Assay, Activity Assay, Saline, Injection

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visual detection of Gaussian noise movies is suboptimal during locomotion. A, Trial structure of the task. Each trial begins with a variable-duration foreperiod (signaled by an audible tone) consisting of an isoluminant gray screen, during which the mouse must withhold licking. Mice must lick during the target period, in which a Gaussian noise movie is presented at different contrasts. Note that for display purposes, the aspect ratio of the visual stimulus screen in the figure is different from that of the actual LCD monitor. B, Overall performance rates (false alarm rates and hit rates) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. C, Overall perceptual sensitivities (d′) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. D, Performance rate, perceptual sensitivity (d′), and decision bias (c) as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. E, Within-animal comparisons of d′ for stillness versus locomotion during high arousal (i.e., pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value is from rank-sum test. F, Within-animal comparisons of the largest d′ prime recorded during stillness versus locomotion. Data points are colored according to the pupil diameter bin in which they were recorded. p-value is from rank-sum test. G, Histograms (counts = number of animals) of the pupil diameter bin in which the largest d′ was recorded for each animal during stillness (top) and during stillness and locomotion combined (bottom). For pupil diameter bins in D and G, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin. For D and G, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins. (N = 8 animals, n = 59 sessions; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To construct Gaussian noise movies, individual movie frames were generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of a 2D Fourier spectrum with a 1/( f + f c ) decay in power, where f c = 0.05 cycles per degree (cpd), and a low-pass cutoff at 0.12 cpd ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion. A, Example PSTH of the evoked layer 5 MUA response to a full-contrast Gaussian noise movie. B, Evoked layer 5 multiunit firing rate (as a fraction of spontaneous, baseline firing rate 500 ms before stimulus presentation) in response to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies, as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. C, Trial-by-trial reliability (cross-correlation, c.c.) of multiunit spiking responses to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. “Raw” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses to the same Gaussian noise movie, and “chance” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses and periods of spontaneous spiking activity occurring in the same pupil diameter bin, a correction for cross-correlation increases due to increased spiking alone. D, Within-recording comparisons of evoked layer 5 multiunit firing rate (fraction of baseline firing rate) between still and locomotion periods during high arousal (i.e., in pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value from rank-sum test. E, Within-recording comparisons of evoked layer 5 multiunit spike reliability (trial-by-trial cross-correlations of evoked PSTHs) between still and locomotion periods during high arousal. p-value from rank-sum test. F, Top, Histogram of extracellular MUA recordings, sorted into bins of pupil diameter (during stillness) in which the largest evoked responses occurred during an individual recording. Bottom, Same histogram, but including locomotion periods. G, As in F, but for highest evoked spike reliability. For F and G, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins. For pupil diameter bins in B, C, F, and G, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin (N = 17 animals, n = 23 recordings; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To construct Gaussian noise movies, individual movie frames were generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of a 2D Fourier spectrum with a 1/( f + f c ) decay in power, where f c = 0.05 cycles per degree (cpd), and a low-pass cutoff at 0.12 cpd ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: State dependence of evoked responses in V1 layer 2/3 is similar to that of layer 5. A, Representative CSD plot used to localize silicon probe contacts residing in layer 2/3. Within ∼40 ms of a 50 ms full-screen flash, a strong, short-latency sink is evident in mid-layers (arrow), followed by delayed sinks in more superficial and deep layers after 50 ms. Even stronger sinks are evident in putative deep layer 5 100 ms after stimulus onset, likely due to polysynaptic activity induced by the stimulus. Contacts in layer 2/3 were considered to be 50–100 μm above the estimated layer 4 boundary. B, Evoked layer 2/3 multiunit firing rate (as a fraction of spontaneous, baseline firing rate 500 ms before stimulus presentation) in response to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies, as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. C, Trial-by-trial reliability (cross-correlation, c.c.) of layer 2/3 multiunit spiking responses to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. “Raw” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses to the same Gaussian noise movie, and “chance” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses and periods of spontaneous spiking activity occurring in the same pupil diameter bin, to correct for cross-correlation increases due to increased spiking alone. For pupil diameter bins in B and C, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin (N = 6 animals, n = 6 recordings; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To construct Gaussian noise movies, individual movie frames were generated by taking the inverse Fourier transform of a 2D Fourier spectrum with a 1/( f + f c ) decay in power, where f c = 0.05 cycles per degree (cpd), and a low-pass cutoff at 0.12 cpd ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Performance of a target-in-noise visual detection task is suboptimal during locomotion. A, Trial structure of the task. Each trial begins with a variable-duration foreperiod consisting of a sequence of Gaussian noise movies, during which the mouse must withhold licking. Mice must lick during the target period, in which a drifting square-wave grating is embedded in one of the noise movies with different blend ratios, modulating task difficulty. Note that for display purposes, the aspect ratio of the visual stimulus screen in the figure is different from that of the actual LCD monitor. B, Overall performance rates (false alarm rates and hit rates) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. C, Overall perceptual sensitivities (d′) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. D, Muscimol block of V1 activity impairs detection task performance (n = 6 animals). Pre, Baseline performance before injections; sal, saline injection; musc, muscimol injection; rec, recovery from muscimol injections. After muscimol injection, but not saline injection, detection performance decreased to chance levels (d′ = 0), or slightly below chance levels. All but one animal returned to baseline performance following recovery from muscimol. p-values are from Kruskal–Wallis test. After Bonferroni's correction, significant p-values at the 0.05 level must be lower than 0.008. E, Performance rate, perceptual sensitivity (d′), and decision bias (c) as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. F, Within-animal comparisons of d′ for stillness versus locomotion during high arousal (i.e., pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value is from rank-sum test. G, Within-animal comparisons of the largest d′ prime recorded during stillness versus locomotion. Data points are colored according to the pupil diameter bin in which they were recorded. p-value is from rank-sum test. H, Histograms (counts = number of animals) of the pupil diameter bin in which the largest d′ was recorded for each animal during stillness (top) and during stillness and locomotion combined (bottom). For pupil diameter bins in E and H, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin. For E and H, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins (N = 12 animals, n = 81 sessions; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To maximize the size of the neuronal population contributing to the recorded MUA, we used full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as visual stimuli ( A ; see Materials and Methods, “Visual stimulus presentation”), which approximately match the spatial frequency spectrum of the stimulus to the distribution of spatial frequency preferences of V1 neurons ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ). fig ft0 fig mode=article f1 fig/graphic|fig/alternatives/graphic mode="anchored" m1 Open in a separate window Figure 3. caption a7 Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion.

Techniques: Sequencing, Blocking Assay, Activity Assay, Saline, Injection

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visual detection of Gaussian noise movies is suboptimal during locomotion. A, Trial structure of the task. Each trial begins with a variable-duration foreperiod (signaled by an audible tone) consisting of an isoluminant gray screen, during which the mouse must withhold licking. Mice must lick during the target period, in which a Gaussian noise movie is presented at different contrasts. Note that for display purposes, the aspect ratio of the visual stimulus screen in the figure is different from that of the actual LCD monitor. B, Overall performance rates (false alarm rates and hit rates) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. C, Overall perceptual sensitivities (d′) across animals for the different target levels presented during behavior sessions. D, Performance rate, perceptual sensitivity (d′), and decision bias (c) as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. E, Within-animal comparisons of d′ for stillness versus locomotion during high arousal (i.e., pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value is from rank-sum test. F, Within-animal comparisons of the largest d′ prime recorded during stillness versus locomotion. Data points are colored according to the pupil diameter bin in which they were recorded. p-value is from rank-sum test. G, Histograms (counts = number of animals) of the pupil diameter bin in which the largest d′ was recorded for each animal during stillness (top) and during stillness and locomotion combined (bottom). For pupil diameter bins in D and G, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin. For D and G, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins. (N = 8 animals, n = 59 sessions; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To maximize the size of the neuronal population contributing to the recorded MUA, we used full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as visual stimuli ( A ; see Materials and Methods, “Visual stimulus presentation”), which approximately match the spatial frequency spectrum of the stimulus to the distribution of spatial frequency preferences of V1 neurons ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ). fig ft0 fig mode=article f1 fig/graphic|fig/alternatives/graphic mode="anchored" m1 Open in a separate window Figure 3. caption a7 Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion.

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion. A, Example PSTH of the evoked layer 5 MUA response to a full-contrast Gaussian noise movie. B, Evoked layer 5 multiunit firing rate (as a fraction of spontaneous, baseline firing rate 500 ms before stimulus presentation) in response to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies, as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. C, Trial-by-trial reliability (cross-correlation, c.c.) of multiunit spiking responses to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. “Raw” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses to the same Gaussian noise movie, and “chance” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses and periods of spontaneous spiking activity occurring in the same pupil diameter bin, a correction for cross-correlation increases due to increased spiking alone. D, Within-recording comparisons of evoked layer 5 multiunit firing rate (fraction of baseline firing rate) between still and locomotion periods during high arousal (i.e., in pupil diameter bins in which locomotion occurred). p-value from rank-sum test. E, Within-recording comparisons of evoked layer 5 multiunit spike reliability (trial-by-trial cross-correlations of evoked PSTHs) between still and locomotion periods during high arousal. p-value from rank-sum test. F, Top, Histogram of extracellular MUA recordings, sorted into bins of pupil diameter (during stillness) in which the largest evoked responses occurred during an individual recording. Bottom, Same histogram, but including locomotion periods. G, As in F, but for highest evoked spike reliability. For F and G, 95% CIs are from bootstrap resampling (10,000 times) of values within bins. For pupil diameter bins in B, C, F, and G, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin (N = 17 animals, n = 23 recordings; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To maximize the size of the neuronal population contributing to the recorded MUA, we used full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as visual stimuli ( A ; see Materials and Methods, “Visual stimulus presentation”), which approximately match the spatial frequency spectrum of the stimulus to the distribution of spatial frequency preferences of V1 neurons ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ). fig ft0 fig mode=article f1 fig/graphic|fig/alternatives/graphic mode="anchored" m1 Open in a separate window Figure 3. caption a7 Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Distinct Waking States for Strong Evoked Responses in Primary Visual Cortex and Optimal Visual Detection Performance

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1226-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: State dependence of evoked responses in V1 layer 2/3 is similar to that of layer 5. A, Representative CSD plot used to localize silicon probe contacts residing in layer 2/3. Within ∼40 ms of a 50 ms full-screen flash, a strong, short-latency sink is evident in mid-layers (arrow), followed by delayed sinks in more superficial and deep layers after 50 ms. Even stronger sinks are evident in putative deep layer 5 100 ms after stimulus onset, likely due to polysynaptic activity induced by the stimulus. Contacts in layer 2/3 were considered to be 50–100 μm above the estimated layer 4 boundary. B, Evoked layer 2/3 multiunit firing rate (as a fraction of spontaneous, baseline firing rate 500 ms before stimulus presentation) in response to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies, as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. C, Trial-by-trial reliability (cross-correlation, c.c.) of layer 2/3 multiunit spiking responses to full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as a function of baseline pupil diameter, and sorted by locomotion status. “Raw” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses to the same Gaussian noise movie, and “chance” denotes the pairwise cross-correlation between evoked spiking responses and periods of spontaneous spiking activity occurring in the same pupil diameter bin, to correct for cross-correlation increases due to increased spiking alone. For pupil diameter bins in B and C, bin widths were chosen such that an equal amount of data fell into each bin (N = 6 animals, n = 6 recordings; data are shown as mean ± 68% CI).

Article Snippet: To maximize the size of the neuronal population contributing to the recorded MUA, we used full-contrast Gaussian noise movies as visual stimuli ( A ; see Materials and Methods, “Visual stimulus presentation”), which approximately match the spatial frequency spectrum of the stimulus to the distribution of spatial frequency preferences of V1 neurons ( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ). fig ft0 fig mode=article f1 fig/graphic|fig/alternatives/graphic mode="anchored" m1 Open in a separate window Figure 3. caption a7 Visually evoked spiking responses in V1 are enhanced monotonically with increasing arousal, and largest during locomotion.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal:

Article Title: Cellular mechanisms of temporal sensitivity in visual cortex neurons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5279-09.2010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of one-dimensional and two-dimensional receptive field maps. The receptive field of this simple layer 4 regular-spiking cell was first mapped using a Gaussian-filtered noise stimulus, which generated a detailed two-dimensional map (left). The receptive field was then mapped by presenting individual optimally oriented bright and dark bars in 16 positions covering the same area of visual space, generating the corresponding one-dimensional map (right). The two sets of stimulus responses identified the same set of receptive field subregions, indicating good correspondence between the one- and two-dimensional maps.

Article Snippet: We then mapped the receptive field of the cell with a Gaussian filtered noise movie (SD of filter 0.82 pixels;( Niell and Stryker, 2008 ).

Techniques: Comparison, Generated